vices, however, are seldom used by police officers due to the fear of having confidential information made public or being used against them when vying for promotions and/or transfers (Kellogg & Harrison, 1991, p. 16).
The definition of deadly force has dissent among several researchers relative to the circumstances under which it occurs, but has consensus relative to the absolute use of gunfire (Geller, 1982; Scharf & Binder, 1983). Klockar (Geller, 1982, p. 151) reports that deadly force constitutes the use of gunfire by police to kill or maim suspected lawbreakers, while Scharf and Binder (1983) refer to it as confrontation between police officer and the suspected lawbreaker. The Criminal Law Reporter, (1990, Unpaginated) indicates that deadly force constitutes seizure under the Fourth Amendment, in the sense that the police officer terminates the freedom of movement of the shot civilian. Whether or not the police officer intends to stop or arrest the civilian, or needs to self-defend, an acquisition of the physical control of the civilian is enge
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