Three Early 20th Century Revolutions
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In the early twentieth century, three important revolutions took place among the nations of the Middle East. In 1908, when the Shah of Iran tried to abolish the 1906 constitution, a resistance movement arose which eventually drove the Shah out of power. Unfortunately, Russia intervened and brought an early end to the revolution in Iran. Also in 1908, the "Young Turks" arose in Turkey to fight against Ottoman rule. In that revolution, the Ottoman sultan was driven out of the country and the Turks regained their constitution. However, the new government of Turkey soon proved to be even more repressive than the Ottoman Empire had been. In 1916, yet another revolution, known as the Great Arab Revolt, occurred. In that revolution, a coalition of Arabic nations drove the Ottoman Empire out of the region. British assistance had played an important role in the success of the Arab Revolt. Therefore, the Arab nations were shocked after the revolution, when the British began dividing the Middle East up between themselves and France. These three revolutions all showed great promise in terms of their potential for establishing constitutional democracies in the Middle East. However, in each case, the positive aims of the revolutionary leaders were undermined in one way or another. In comparing these three revolutions, certain correlations can be found with the Russian Revolution of 1904-1905. In this paper, emphasis will be placed on the idea that the revolution in Russia
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toman Empire was distracted by the war, the Arab nationalists realized that "they had a good chance to establish their nation" (Spencer, 1983, p. 46). Another opportunity offered to the Arab leaders was that of British assistance in the 1916 revolution. The famous explorer T. E. Lawrence was but one of many British diplomats "encouraging the Arabs to revolt" (p. 46). The British government promised the Arabian leaders that they could form a unified nation after the revolution. However, the autonomy of the Middle East was not really what the British had in mind when they offered their assistance.
In the Russian Revolution, Tsar Nicholas II was forced to give in to the demands of the people following a general strike which took place in October of 1905. Workers throughout Russia went on strike, thereby causing a breakdown in the imperial economy. As a result of this situation, Nicholas II had no choice but to issue the statement which is now known as the "October Manifesto." In that statement, the Tsar promised the Russian people a constitutional government. In order to fulfil that promise, he established a representative body within the government known as the duma. This legislative body worked on the same basic principl
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Approximate Word count = 3449
Approximate Pages = 14 (250 words per page)
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