rence, and the subjectivity of dyad members. Included are supportive-expressive psychotherapy (Luborsky and the Penn Psychotherapy Project), short-term dynamic therapy (Horowitz and the Center for the Study of Neuroses), control-mastery therapy (Weiss, Sampson, and the Mont Zion group), and time-limited dynamic psychotherapy (Strupp, Binder and the Vanderbilt group).
An object relations emphasis is based on internalized representations of self and other that are found at the personality core structure. Structures of the mind are oriented toward the object world. Maladaptive interpersonal repetitions characterize psychopathology. Horowitz uses contemporary cognitive theory and relies on schematic representations with origins in cognitive and information-processing psychology. Weiss, et al. rely on pathogenic beliefs which are related to similar concepts in current cognitive therapies.
The integrative psychoanalytic model includes time-limited psychotherapy (TLP) by Mann. This is an integrative system which includes drive/structural, object relational, and self psychological approaches. Mann draws on the structural hypothesis (ego, drive, and conflict), the theory of narcissism and development of self-esteem, object relations, and the developmental perspective. Areas of conflict include activity, independence, and unresolved grief. How the patient comes to feel the current way about himself is the focus of treatment.
Eclectic approaches attempt to incorporate all techniques and concepts. Research shows that 68 percent of practitioners view themselves to be eclectic. The common factor approach looks for processes or elements shared by many therapies. Garfield stated that brief therapy is the treatment of choice for most, with a goal of helping the client overcome present problems.
Technical eclecticism is based on what work
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