ins, week in, week out, year in, year out, with little change. The goal often seemed simply to keep things going. Developing missiles or computers systems, however, required more focused attention to the problems of setting goals and ensuring that the organization moved steadily and efficiently towards achieving those goals.
In Peter Drucker's original formulation, the function of MBO was to ensure that each job performed in an organization acted to further the overall goals of the organization that jobs were not created or performed in a particular way simply because "we always did it that way. George Odiorne, a major figure in MBO'sevolution as a management concept, further developed the concept that goal setting should be a joint task, with each person in the work team given specific personal responsibilities, and measurable goals to achieve.2
MBO consists, broadly, of six elements: strategic planning, total management, setting objective, individual motivation, measurable results, and a time constraint.3 Each of these is ________
1Paul Mali, MBO Updated (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1986), 60.
Strategic planning. The whole MBO process begins with establishing the basic strategic goals of the organization whether to perfect and apply a new technology, to establish itself as the market leader in a given industry, or to evolve from a local or regional into a successfu
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