This laboratory looked at the buffer effect using the carbonate/bicarbonate buffer system. 1. A 1.0M solution of sodium carbonate was created using the premassed sample provided and distilled water mixed together in a glass. The water was measured in a graduated cylinder. The mixture was stirred until the solid was completely dissolved.
2. A 1.0 M solution of sodium bicarbonate was prepared in a similar manner.
3. The glasses were labeled and a labeled dropper pipette placed into each solution.
4. A third glass and pipette were labeled and distilled water placed in the glass.
5. Two more dropper pipettes were labeled for vinegar and ammonia, and two cups labeled for these solutions. Each cup was filled half-way with the indicated solution.
6. Four sample cups were labeled a, b, c, and d, and solutions were added to them using the graduated cylinder as follows (rinsing the cylinder with distilled water between solutions):
d) 5 mL Na2CO3 solution + 5 mL NaHCO3 solution
7. The pH of each solution was determined using a pH meter and rinsing the electrodes with distilled water between solutions.
8. Two drops of vinegar was added to each cup usin
17 
)
= 861
= 3 (250 words per page)
