networks, or industrial keiretsu, inventory management with Just-in-Time (JIT), and employee involvement in continuous improvement through Quality Control Circles.
Gastle points out that the Japanese nurture two kinds of keiretsu: vertical (suppliers, producers, and retailers), and horizontal (keiretsu comprised of firms in different industries).
A second body of literature exists that tries to come to grips with the success of the Japanese style of management. Ozawa (1996) suggests that Japan used a neo-mercantilistic formula to build competitive export industries such as autos and electronics. But, he argues, the consequence has been the rapid transplantation abroad of those once-fostered industrial activities.
In other words, the concept of the keiretsu has been exported as well as J
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