idely implementation of the quality management concept in the United States is TQM. Because of the widespread application of TQM in the United States, there is a plethora of TQM-focused research studies reported in the literature. Most of these studies report favorable findings related to the implementation of TQM programs (Yong & Wilkinson, 2002).
Most TQM-focused studies investigated the effects of the quality management application on productivity, bottom-line financial performance, customer satisfaction, or other performance-related outcomes as dependent variables (Sureshchandar, Rajendran, & Anantharaman, 2002; Dale, Y.-Wu, Williams, & van der Wiele, 2001; Staw & Epstein, 2000; Easton & Jarrell, 1998). Few TQM-focused studies reported in the literature investigated the effects of the implementation of TQM programs on an organization's employees. Some of these studies emphasize the negative effects of employee behaviors on the success level of TQM programs (Guaspari, 1999; Anderson & Adams, 1997; H
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