Gulf War and the various Arab-Israeli conflicts.
Stokes (2001) has pointed out that Islamic anti-secularism appears to be equated with Islamic anti-Americanism. Many Islamic states are challenged by the process of globalization because this process is perceived as undermining the traditions and values of Islamic society and imposing secularization under the guise of open markets and economic development. Nevertheless, Stokes (2001) cited a 1999 survey of Islamic countries by the U.S. State Department that revealed that when ordinary citizens in many Islamic states are questioned, they are favorably disposed toward America or at least not possessed of any excessive or fanatic hatred for the U.S.
As noted above, a major cause of Islamic dislike and suspicion of the United States must be linked to the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. Stokes (2001) has indicated that from the perspective of many Muslims, America's favoritism toward Israel during the Palestinian struggle for statehood has caused the growth of anti-American feeling in many disparate Muslim states. Since Partition in 1948, the United States' foreign policy in the Middle East has been largely supportive of Israel รป which has led many Muslim
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