son's sense of alternative opportunities for gratification" (p. 2). Withdrawal symptoms, according to Peele (1985) are "actually a complex self-labeling process that requires users to detect adjustments taking place in their bodies, to note the process as problematic, and to express their discomfort and translate it into a desire for more drugs" (p. 19).
The degree of suffering in the withdrawal process, according to Peele (1985), is a function of the combined effects of the amount of a drug typically used by an in
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