shed effect with same amount; withdrawal with development of a substance-specific syndrome due to substance use cessation and syndrome causes significant distress or functional impairment and/or same or related substance is taken to relieve/avoid withdrawal symptoms; substance is taken in larger amounts or over longer periods than intended; desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use; time is spent to obtain, use or recover from the substance; important activities are reduced due to substance use; and substance use is continued despite physical or psychological problems (APA, 1994).
Criteria for substance abuse includes the following one or more occurring within a 12-month period: Recurrent use resulting in failure to fulfill important functions; recurrent use in physically hazardous situations; recurrent substance-related legal problems; and continued use despite resulting social or interpersonal problems (APA, 1994).
Substance-induced disorders include Alcohol Intoxication, a diagnostic category which includes recent ingestion of alcohol, significant maladaptive behavioral or psychological changes, and one or more physical signs (slurred speech, incoordination, unsteady gait, nystagmus, impairment in attention or memory, stupor or coma), and symptoms are not due to a medical condition or mental disorder. Alcohol Withdrawal, another substance-induced disorder, is classified by the following diagnostic criteria: cessation of heavy and prolonged alcohol use, two or more signs within several hours to a few days after cessation (Autonomic hyperactivity, increased hand tremor, insomnia, nausea or vomiting, transient hallucinations or illusions, psychomotor agitation, anxiety, grand mal seizures), symptoms cause significant distress or impaired functioning, and symptoms are not due to a medical or mental condition (APA, 1994).
Patients may deny the use or extent of substance use as well as the resulting problems. ...