ies are stockpiled for instant delivery to a factory or consumer outlet. These logistic center services are expanding beyond warehousing to deliver value-added services that include marketing promotion and forecasting, order processing, inventory management, and spare-parts and returns handling. In turn, these services "are feeding the change from high-speed, overnight deliveries to just-in-time and quick response deliveries" (Nelms 28).
International express service accounted for only four-percent of the worldwide service in 1993, but is expected to be at 30 percent by 2013 (Nelms 29). To beat the integrators, the airlines are going to have to work hard to improve the reliability of their service and develop products internationally, so that the forwarders have various products from which they can pick and choose.
Long hauls and increased flows of perishable goods to distant markets have caused capacity shortages among
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