iological, nuclear or high-yield explosives (CBRNE) which can cause widespread loss of life.
When a terrorist-directed WMD attack occurs within the United States, the national response to it is divided into two overlapping categories under Presidential Decision Directive 39 of June 21, 1995 (PDD-39), crisis management and consequence management. According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (1997, February 7), crisis management "includes measures to identify, acquire, and plan the use of resources to anticipate, prevent, and/or resolve a threat or act of terrorism" (p. 134). According to CJCSI, National Authority Policy (2000, September), the FBI is responsible for "identifying them [the terrorists], capturing them, rendering safe the device or devices, and prosecuting the perpetrators" (p. 105). PDD-39 affirmed the lead responsibility of the FBI (as the lead federal agency or LFA) for crisis management of WMD incidents within the United States which largely consists of a law enforcement function.
In the warning phase of the hypothetical case, the FBI monitors the activities of BUEZ, learns of its plans to launch a series of attacks on American cities, raids (with the help of local police) a BUEZ stronghold and seizes a chemical lab and related equipment, alerted law enforcement nationwide and directed concerned federal agencies, Department of Defense (DOD), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), FEMA, Department of Energy (DOE) and the Public Health Service (PHS) to go on heightened alert. Following the explosion, the FBI local special agent in charge (SAC) arrives on the scene and alerts its Hazardous Materials Response Unit. SAC in conjunction with local and state law enforcement authorities begins its criminal investigation into the perpetrators. At the request of the FBI, DOD e
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