unately, researchers in the field of psychology have made great progress towards understanding the development of children (Chambers, 1977, p. 30). This work has led to several theories on child development. While dentists are cannot alter the developmental cycles of children, they can apply their behavioral characteristics towards the formulation of management strategies. For example, infants up to 2 years of age generally react negatively to new environments. In addition, such young children are not able to cooperate for dental care. These characteristics may make infant dental difficult, if not inappropriate.
During the initial three years of life, children undergo major developmental changes. Two-year-olds are very attached to their parents. They also tend to be afraid of strangers, loud sounds, and sudden movements (Wright, p. 33). At three, children become more vocal; they also like to please. In fact, the three-year-old's behavior--and the dentist's ability to control it--are two main reasons why first dental appointments have traditionally been scheduled between children's third and fourth birthdays (Pinkham, 1990, p. 38).
Between the ages of 4 and 6 years, youngsters are cooperative about as often as they are uncooperative. Four-year-olds attempt to impose their will. They might, for example, act aggressively or try to be bossy. Although they listen to the dentist, they will often test any established limits.
At five years of age, children are engaged in a period of consolidation. This is the time when they give up comfort objects or behaviors (e.g., a blanket or thumb-sucking). At 5 years, the child may also be separated from the parent.
Six-year-old children are starting school. At this age, Oedipal or Electra conflicts may emerge. Children may view dental treatment as punishment for their feelings of possessiveness towards parents. They tend to be restless, unpredictable, and potentially explosiv...