JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM Introduction This res

Judge L. P. Edwards (1992) explained:

Established in the later nineteenth century, the juvenile court was for some a humanitarian institution intended to rehabilitate youthful offenders and protect children. It was in part a recognition that children are different from adults and in part a reaction to the treatment of children as adults in the criminal justice system. For others it was an attempt to exert a new form of social control over children (p. 3).

At its core was the concept that the juvenile court judge, acting on behalf of the state as parens patriae and with the benefit of information concerning the juvenile's background could and would make disposition of each case in such a manner as to promote family unity and ensure that the child was properly raised and provided the opportunity to become a productive, crime-free member of society, while at the same time ensuring public safety.

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to parents or others, probation confinement in a juvenile correctional institution (training facility, reformatory, youth facility, etc.) and its terms. Under its decisions in Kent v. United States (1966) and In re Gault (1967), the Supreme Court ruled that the following basic procedural protections must be afforded to juveniles facing a deprivation of their freedom: the right to be given notice of the charges, if any, against them and of hearings, the right to be represented by counsel, and if they cannot afford one, to be supplied one by the state, at all adjudicatory and disposition proceedings, the right of juveniles and their counsel to see the complete record to be used by the court, the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses and the right to exercise their Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination (Melton, 1989, p. 147). If juveniles face the equivalent of possible criminal charges, they have the right under the laws of many states to have their parents (or guardian) and counsel present during police questioning. For example, Harris (1981) says that, in California, "any minor accused of a crime has a right to counsel at all stages of the proceedings, from the beginning of police questioning through dispo
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Approximate Pages = 12 (250 words per page)