Erectile dysfunction

Understanding erectile dysfunction requires understanding the male reproductive system and how it works. The external genitalia of the male consist of the penis and the testes (testicles). Baldwin (1991) describes the male reproductive system in detail. The penis consists of a shaft, the root of which lies within the pelvis and anchors the organ and supports it during erection (p. 11). The shaft of the penis is composed of three tubes known as the corpus cavernosa. The upper two tubes become engorged with blood during sexual arousal, resulting in an erection. The lower tube surrounds the urethra, the tube leading from the bladder to the tip of the penis. The three tubes are surrounded by a thick membrane which limits the growth of the penis during erection. The surface skin is highly elastic to accommodate the growth of the organ when in the aroused state (p. 11).

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y also produce erectile dysfunction (p. 192). Even over-the-counter cold remedies, antihistamines and weight-loss pills can reduce erectile ability (p. 191). Lafavore (1993, p. 138) include antidepressants as a possible cause of erectile dysfunction. Hormonal abnormalities caused by diseases such as diabetes (prevalent in older people) and thyroid dysfunction, as well as liver and kidney diseases, can lead to erectile dysfunction (Mylander, 1987, p. 77). Other causes include the use of stimulants (marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines or alcohol) and smoking, because they cause vasodilation and reduced blood pressure (Baldwin, 1991, pp. 191-192). Lowered testosterone levels with aging may also contribute to erectile dysfunction in the elderly (Baldwin, 1991, p. 98, 184), although Mylander (1987, pp. 70-71) finds very little drop in testosterone levels with aging. Testosterone levels are lowered by stress, according to the Lafavore (1993, p. 136). Despite all the physical aspects of aging which may contribute to erectile dysfunction, the male reproductive system declines very little with age. Pesman (1984, p. 115) says the only changes, other than those from disease, are that the scrotum hangs lower and the prostate gland en
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