ANTIOXIDANTS & HEART DISEASE Introduction "Di

Oxidized LDL has been found to be present in atherosclerotic plaques and the oxidation of LDL seems to enhance the uptake of LDL by macrophages which encourages the formation of foam cells and fatty streak development. Increased susceptibility to this oxidation has been correlated with an increase in severity of carotid atherosclerosis. Studies with animals have demonstrated atherosclerosis inhibition with antioxidants (probucol, butylated hydroxytoluene, and vitamin E). Previous epidemiologic studies have shown an inverse relationship between vitamin E intake and coronary heart disease and protective activity has been found with vitamin C and provitamin A carotenoids (1:1156).

"Effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of angina pectoris" by Rapola, Virtamo, Haukka, Heinonen, Albanes,

Taylor, and Huttunen (1996) also reports that eviden

. . .
women filled out a 16-page questionnaire which assessed their vitamins A, E, and C from food sources and supplements; they formed the cohort under study. This methodology lacks validity or reliability. Self-reports of diet intake are subject to participant bias and inaccuracy. Vitamin intakes concluded from diets may or may not be accurate as well. For example cooking methods may have destroyed vitamins that were assumed to be present. Rapola et al. used a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects for the Alpha Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (n=29,133) were male smokers ages 50 through 69 years; 22,269 were reported free of CHD and were followed up for angina pectoris incidence. Subjects were randomized to receive 50 mg/d of alpha tocopherol, 20 mg/d of beta-carotene, both, or placebo. Incident case was the first occurrence of angina pectoris identified by the World Health Organization Chest Pain Questionnaire (annually repeated). With this study, vitamin intervention was more controlled; exact amounts of vitamins were accounted for. However, information regarding diet, as a confounding variable, is lacking; individual diets may or may not have provided vitamin amounts accounted fo
. . .

Some common words found in the essay are:
CHD Vitamins, Health Study, Taylor Huttunen, Research Findings, Pain Questionnaire, CHD Differences, Woodward Bolton-Smith, Schuep Klag, Oxidized LDL, Wu Bostick, heart disease, et al, coronary heart disease, coronary heart, antioxidant vitamins, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, vitamin intake, postmenopausal women, al found, antioxidant theory, et al found, incidence angina pectoris, rapola et al, street et al,
Approximate Word count = 2363
Approximate Pages = 9 (250 words per page)