cratic reforms, such as the direct election of senators, the ballot initiative, recall and referendum. However, the leadership of the Progressives was primarily white anglo-saxon Protestant although it included some Jews and other minorities.
Progressives supported woman suffrage and other women's causes such as laws to shorten the hours women could work and to outlaw child labor. Jane Addams, a leading suffragist and social worker, seconded TR's nomination in 1912.
There was a strong nativist, anti-immigration strain in the Progressive movement. That element believed that unrestricted immigration had contributed to the corrupt urban machine politics of the Boss Tweed variety which muckraking journalists exposed. Progressive politicians, such as TR, occasionally decried the lynching of blacks by Southern whites (as later did Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge) but did nothing about them. A rare example of an article condemning Southern lynchings is a series by Ray Baker which appeared in McClure's in 1905 (Hofstadter 45-48). Wilson as President "introduced segregation into the federal government" (Leuchtenburg 332).
Women made some progress during the New Deal. According to Lash, Franklin Roosevelt's original team of inner advisors, the Brains Trust, "when it came to women in government patronized them" (372). Considerable gains were achieved in representation in certain executive agencies: Eleanor Roosevelt, as First Lady, Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor, Molly Dewson, Vice Chairperson of the Democratic Committee, and others, especially in agencies like the National Labor Relations Board. As for FDR, Lash acknowledges that "prodded by Eleanor he listened to the issues with which they were concerned and gave them just enough recognition to keep them with him but not so much as to scare off his antifeminist cohorts" (374).
Blacks shared in the jobs and other benefits of the income maintenance and other welfare and r...