o accept inequality" and that "collective sacrifice will lead to group gain" (Wildavsky, 1987, p. 289, 288)
They are pro-leadership or authoritarian in their behavior. This is in part derived from their cultural bias and view of human nature. "Hierarchists believe that human beings are sinful but can be redeemed by good institutions. Their conception of human nature helps sustain a way of life rich in institutional restraints" (Thompson, Ellis & Wildavsky, 1990, p. 63).
Hierarchist organizations take many forms, including the traditional authoritarian state led by a strong leader, such as Francisco Franco's Spain, modern states with collective leadership and strong bureaucracies such as Japan, and private organizations such as IBM or the AFL-CIO. Max Weber thought that the complexities of modern capitalist economies, and their need for centralized and specialized expertise, division of labor and centrally managed mass communications, spawned the growth of bureaucracies. However, non-capitalist economies, such as the Soviet Union's, also can provide the secure public revenue base necessary to support modern bureaucracies. Hierarchist organizations maintain strong collective discipline, "the trained orientation of obedient compliance to . . . orders" (Weber, Bureaucracy, 1911, p. 229).
Weber pointed out that "once it is fully established, bureaucracy is among those social structures which are the hardest to destroy" (Weber, Bureaucracy 1911, 227). This is true because of its cohesiveness and discipline, its control of the facts and i
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