Governmental Goods and Services
Governments provide goods and servic
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Governments provide goods and services, and can produce goods and services, as well. Such goods and services are generally in support of broader public policies which are put in place by the federal government, or state or local governments. In theory, the formation of public policy occurs prior to the introduction of any other programs that may be developed, but it has only been since the 1970s that serious and scholarly study has been directed toward the formation of public policy. Generally, public policy is concerned with the application of formal methods and programs that may be put in place in the public sector, and the ways in which policies are shaped and implemented has political overtones as well as ramifications for public managers. This research explores the area of public policy, including its development, analysis, evaluation and implementation.There is no one precise definition of public policy. It can refer to the intentions declared by political parties in an election (such as are put forth in the party platform); it can refer to a specific government program rather than just an intention; it may be general rules that guide the specific actions of bureaucrats and politicians in a specific place and time; or, it can be extended to include everything the government does (Bryan, 1997, p. 12). Lacking a single definition of public policy, it can be said that public policy is what public administrators implement (Bry
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tives to Congress on budgetary issues (Walters & Sudweeks, 1996, p. 449). It is at this point that implementation of specific programs takes place and that tasks and responsibilities are assigned. This is also the stage when monitoring techniques are set up for future use.
The last general step in public policy formation takes place as policies which are implemented are monitored in terms of their performance. There may be unintended consequences which arise from public policies, or unforeseen difficulties in the implementation process. In addition, a change in the external circumstances which led to the policy implementation in the first place may change which warrants a discontinuation or modification of the policy in question. Thus the income tax which was originally implemented to pay for World War I took on additional weight as the years progressed, and the rationing of gasoline and other scarce goods during World War II was discontinued when the war was concluded (Crihfield & McGuire, 1997, p. 114).
This monitoring and evaluation of policy is fundamental to the effective implementation of any policy regardless of how it was originally developed. The nature of public policy is such that the results of any one policy
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Vietnam War, Aviation Administration, Labor Department, Walters Sudweeks, Kennedy Johnson, Lave Elias, Public Policy, Policy Evaluation, Policy Output, Policy Henry, public policy, henry 1995, evaluation criteria, policy analysis, strategic planning, policy makers, policy development, public administration, public policy development, specific programs, program managers, implementation public policy, view public policy, walters sudweeks 1996, crihfield mcguire 1997,
Approximate Word count = 5179
Approximate Pages = 21 (250 words per page)
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