Chromosomes and Sexual Development Sex chromosomes are susceptible to

In 1942, Klinefelter, Reifenstein and Albright described nine men who shared an odd set of characteristics. These included, among other things, shrunken testes, breast development (gynecomastia), and elevated urinary gonadotropins. Eventually this combination of symptoms was termed "Klinefelter's syndrome" after the first author.

In the 1950s, researchers demonstrated that individuals with these symptoms possessed an extra X chromosome, resulting in a genetic combination of XXY; subsequent studies have indicated that Klinefelter's syndrome usually occurs whenever a person has more than one X chromosome in the presence of at least one Y chromosome (Drew, Logan & Hardman, 1984). While occasionally individuals are found with the combination XXXY, more than 75 percent of Klinefelter cases are XXY, and this syndrome occurs in about one out of every 1,000 live male births.

Drew, Logan and Hardman (1984) report that older maternal a

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ng of depression in two patients with Klinefelter's syndrome within five to seven weeks following the beginning of treatment. Patients were then given testosterone replacement therapy and followed for as long as six years, during which time there was no recurrence of depression. As noted previously, sometimes the condition is associated with gender-identity disorder. However, Allgeier and Allgeier (1994) state that current research consistently shows that gender identity is more affected by gender socialization experiences than by genetic abnormalities. For example, while experts used to believe that boys with Klinefelter's syndrome were more predisposed to homosexual preference than normal genetic males, empirical research has failed to support this notion. Regarding future treatment for the condition, Allgeier and Allgeier (1994) report that the likelihood is good that treatment will take two approaches. The first approach will be to treat the individual with multiple interventions, e.g. psychotherapy, behavior therapy, and testosterone/hormone therapy. The second approach, perhaps in the more distant future, may be to work directly with the genes in an effort to correct the condition. Turner's Syndrome (XO) First
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