ice reform, the removal of loyalty oaths for Non Conformists as a condition for holding public office and allowing Irish Catholic M.P.s to stand for election to Parliament, which the last Tory government headed by the Duke of Wellington passed in order to avoid civil war in Ireland. Demands for political reform were largely ignored. Outbreaks of disorder were repressed. After Wellington's last ministry fell, Hussey said that in 1929-1830, "political activity working for parliamentary reform intensified and showed itself in . . . agitation . . . and the demands of various political unions," such as the middle-class supported Birmingham Political Union.
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