old the most loyalty.
Although the policy of the Indonesian government in the early 1900s favored the assimilation of the Chinese population into the local communities in which they lived, Indonesia has a long history of forcing separation from their non-Chinese neighbors upon the ethnic Chinese (Seekins, 1993, p. 122). At the turn of the century, ethnic Chinese were forced to live in separate urban neighborhoods and could travel out of them only with government permits (Seekins, 1993, p. 122). Nonetheless, despite their treatment as such, ethnic Chinese were not a monolithic group. The main contrast still dominant in the 1990s is the difference between totok, first generation, full-blooded emigrants, and peranakan, native-born Chinese with some Indonesian ancestry (Seekins, 1993, p. 31). Seekins argues that, generally, totoks are more inclined to go into business and are more interested in getting rich. They place higher value on work, frugality, self-reliance, social position and security, which he classifies as values that resemble t
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