PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
Introduction
Professi
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Professional psychology can be viewed as beginning with the influence of philosophy. As early as the fifth century B.C., Plato, Aristotle, and other scholars struggled with today's problems such as memory, learning, motivation, perception, dreaming, and abnormal behavior. Until the end of the nineteenth century, philosophers studied human nature through speculation, intuition, and generalization of personal experience. The application of tools and methods from the biological and physical sciences to questions about human nature, separated psychology from its philosophical roots. Between 1880 and 1895, changes occurred in American psychology; laboratories, journals, and the American Psychological Association, were established. Psychology became the science of behavior, to be shaped as a discipline by social, economic, and political forces. Different schools of psychology developed and included analytical, behavioral, and humanistic. Issues facing psychologists today, include the managed care environment; a situation that may lend itself well to the behaviorist, but may imply complication for the humanistic psychologist (Schultz & Schultz, 1992). The seventeenth century brought the spirit of mechanism. The mechanical clock, referred to as the mother of machines, impacted scientific and philosophical thought. Rene descartes (1596-1650), born in France, applied mechanism to the human body. His theoretical co
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ultz, 1992).
James M. Cattell, influenced psychology greatly with his applied work on individual differences and the development and use of mental tests to measure the differences. His contributions to the field also included: his work as an organizer, executive, and administrator of psychological science and practice, and ambassador of psychology; and his contribution to students. American psychologists now began to study large groups of subjects, since statistical comparisons could be made; this impact was largely felt in educational psychology. In 1894, he began the Psychologic Review, and acquired the journal Science, which became the official journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). He elevated psychology to a higher standing in the scientific community. He organized the Psychological Corporation, today an international enterprise (Hunt, 1993; Popplestone & McPherson, 1994; Schultz & Schultz, 1992).
Many additional psychologists contributed to the functionalist movement. John Dewey, published the first textbook on the new psychology and started an experimental, laboratory school, which served as a cornerstone for modern progressive education. James R. Angell, brought functionalism
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