Nationalism
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The conventional picture of nationalism is that it is an ideology which grew up in Europe in the aftermath of the French Revolution, and became normative there in the course of the 19th century, finding expression on the one hand in the unifications of Germany and Italy, and on the other hand in the internal fissures which grew up within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, leading eventually to its dissolution after the First World War. Subsequently, in this conventional view, nationalism as an idea and ideology was spread to the rest of the world as a consequence of and reaction to European imperialism, leading in turn to the general dismantling of European empires, and the formation of new nations out of their former territories, in the decades after the Second World War. In his book Imagined Communities, Benedict Anderson challenges this conventional understanding of both the nature of nationalism and its geographical origin. The sequence by which nationalism spread from Europe (especially central Europe) to the non-European world is left largely untouched in his alternate interpretation, but he demotes European nationalism to a second stage in the spread of nationalism, identifying an initial stage that took place in the Americas. Just as importantly, Anderson offers an alternate view of the essential nature of the nationalist impulse. In his view, it is incorrect to regard nationalism as an ideology in the sense that, say, Marxism or Liberalism is an ideology. Ideolo
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language of Angolian nationalism. The formative thread in Indonesia, suggests Anderson, was the colonial educational system, which brought together from its disparate territories the children of local elites, who would continue to feel a common bond to their one-time fellow students.
In each of these cases, the common thread is an actual community of elites, including administrators, intellectuals, and generally the upper and upper-middle classes, bound together by education, career opportunities (and restrictions), and more generally by a common universe of print--books and especially newspapers that circulated within a nascent nation but not beyond it. In Spanish America these bounds operated on a smaller scale than a cultural zone, in Indonesia on a larger scale, in each case originally by colonial fiat and convenience. In Hungary, these bounds were set by the happenstantial shift of Hapsburg imperial administration from Latin to German, which left non-German speakers in Hungary excluded and led them to adopt a Magyar-language community as alternative.
These explanations are persuasive so far as they go, in suggesting how nation-state boundaries came to be drawn where they were. They do not really explain, though,
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Approximate Word count = 2615
Approximate Pages = 10 (250 words per page)
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