res balancing a positive trait and a corresponding negative trait.
Although the positive trait should predominate, some element of the negative trait is also needed for healthy ego development. Further, the successful outcome of each crisis includes the development of a particular "virtue." Table 1 presents a brief summary of each particular stage in the theory and its corresponding virtue.
It can be noted here that there has been some empirical testing of Erikson's general theory. In their discussion of this research, Clarke-Stewart, Friedman and Koch (1991) report that findings are mixed which is to say that some studies have found support for the theory's basic postulates while other studies have not.
The authors do, however, go on to note that most theoretical support has been found for Erikson's notions of the developmental crisis associated with identity formation. Moreover, based on research conducted over the years, James (1980) reports that no longer is identity thought to begin with adolescence (as proposed in Erikson's original views: see Table 1), but it is now believed to have its beginnings in the preteen years, starting even as
_________________________________________________________________Stage 1:Basic trust versus mistrust (birth to 12 - 18 months). Baby develops sense of whether world can be trusted. Virtue: Hope
Stage 2: Autonomy versus shame and doubt (12-18 months to 3 years) Child develops a balance of independence over doubt and shame. Virtue: Will.
Stage 3: Initiative versus guilt (3 to 6 years). Child develops initiative when trying out new things and is not overwhelmed by failure. Virtue: Purpose.
Stage 4: Industry versus Inferiority (6 years to puberty). child must learn skills of the culture or face feelings of inferiority. Virtue: Skill.
Stage 5: Identity versus Identity confusion (puberty to young adulthood). Adolescent must determine own sense of self. Virtue: F...