of a pre-employment investigation (Arthur & Doverspike, 1997, 77-80).
However, in spite of this resistance, drug testing is being used more and more in employment situations. One study shows that 18 percent of Fortune 500 companies tested their employees in 1985, but the proportion had more than doubled to 40 percent by 1991. The American Management Association conducted a survey in 1988 and found that there had been increases in the testing of both applicants and current employees for drugs. The rise had taken place in one year, so that 38 percent of all the organizations in the survey tested job applicants compared with 28 percent in 1987; and 36 percent tested current employees compared with 28 percent in 1986. The increase continued so that by 1991, 48 percent of Fortune 1000 companies used some type of drug testing. The Bureau of Labor Statistics surveys show that 31.9 percent of worksites with more than 250 employees had drug testing programs in 1988, and that proportion increased to 45.9 percent by 1991 (Hartwel
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