´anyone who benefits from affirmative action must have relevant and valid job or educational requirementsö and less than 2% of the 91,000 employment discrimination cases pending before the EEOC are reverse discrimination (Sykes, p. 1).
Affirmative action policies represent an effort to overturn years of institutionalized prejudice and racism against women and minorities. Jim Crow laws, the separate but equal doctrine, Brown v Board of Education, and the 1964 Civil Rights Act all paved the way for affirmative action as a means of redressing the historical imbalance between whites and minorities in employment and education. In 1965 President Johnson mandated affirmative action based on race and in 1967 he expanded the executive order in which he did so to include ôaffirmative action requirements to benefit womenö (Sykes, p. 1).
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