als, because the pedagogy and institutions of science discourage researchers from questioning the principles of the current scientific paradigmsö (p. 54). Nevertheless, once the theories of Copernicus, Newton, and Einstein became accepted through further experimentation, they replaced the fundamental paradigms of the stage of normal science preceding them.
During periods of normal science, Kuhn theorized that accepted paradigms or ways of doing things typically die hard because of a number of factors, from scientist bias to allocation of funding for research. When new paradigms emerge, there is often no rational way of proving they are more valid than existing paradigms, like PlanckÆs view of atomic theory. However, through additional experimentation and exploration, such theories become validated over time. The forces that support an established paradigm are often powerful and reluctant to change. Mo
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