Text Anxiety

Sharma and Sud (1990, pp. 183-201) found that female students experience higher levels of test anxiety than do males irrespective of cultural background. The study involved students from four Asian cultures. The conclusion drawn from these findings was that a major causal factor involved in the gender-related differences in test anxiety among students was a greater role expectation conflict among females than among males. Sud (1991, pp. 131-136) examined test anxiety among students in India and the United States. This study found no differences in levels of test anxiety experienced by female and male students; however, the study did find that, in the United States, levels of test anxiety were higher among high school students of both genders than among college students.

el-Zahhar and Hocevar (1991) examined test anxiety among students in Brazil, Egypt, and the United States. The study found that test anxiety in all three cultures was higher among female students than among male students. el-Zahhar and Hocevar (1991) reported, howe

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orted the internal consistency, test-to-test stability, concurrent validity, and predictive validity. The conclusion of the study was that the psychometric properties of the instrument were more than adequate for assessing test anxiety as a global construct (Araki, Iwawaki, & Spielberger, 1992). The Test Anxiety Scale is a 37-item instrument that measures individual differences in test-taking anxiety. The appropriate age range for the instrument is junior high school to adult. The instrument may be administered either individually or to a group. Administration time ranges from 10-to-15 minutes. The Test Anxiety Scale has been subjected to at least 12 validity and reliability studies based on a search of Psychological Abstracts. One such study involved a group of 353 university students in Bulgaria. Test-retest reliability were found to vary from 0.70 when the retest interval was one-week to 0.80 when the retest interval was one-year. The internal consistency of the instrument was found to be highùAlpha Cronbach 0.89 for males and 0.91 for females. The conclusions of the study were that (1) the factorial structure of the instrument is valid and (2) the instrument is appropriate for the cross-cultural measurement of test anx
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