STUTTERING: AN OVERVIEW

Stuttering is the word most frequently used in the United States to describe the disorder, while stammering is the word used most frequently in the United Kingdom (Byrne, 1989). There is no difference between stuttering and stammering (Byrne, 1989).

Stuttering is ôspeech which is hesitant, stumbling, tense or jerky to the extent that it causes anxiety to the speaker and/or the listenerö (Byrne, 1989, p. 1). There is no single speech behavior which may be designated as the definition of a stutter (Byrne, 1989). Rather, there are ômany different ways in which people speak with a marked lack of fluencyö (Byrne, 1989, p. 1). One person may

à get blocked or stuck on a certain sound or sounds, another may repeat sounds, another may go back and take a run at the difficult word, and yet another may do all these things and many more (Byrne, 1989, p. 1).

In a sense, discussing a stutter is similar to discussing a broken leg (Byrne, 1989). With a broken leg, one must know (1) where it is broken, (2) in how many places it is broken, and (3) and how severe the injury is (Byrne, 1989). The term ôbroken legö is insufficient as a description of the problem (Byrne, 1989, p. 1). Similarly, the term ôstutteringö is insufficient as a description of the speech fluency problem experienced by a specifi

. . .
, stress may produce either positive or negative results. Thus, while excessive stress may be damaging to an organism, a complete absence of stress is not desirable, and the presence of moderate levels of stress may have beneficial effects (Selye, 1950). The phenomenon of stress is recognized as a major contributor to the onset of significant physical and mental health problems in the lives of individuals (Maes, Vingerhoets, & Heck, 1987; Hinkle, 1987). Stress research is traced to the formulation of the general adaptation syndrome in the 1930s by H. Selye (Kaplan & Sadock, 1987). As a medical student, Selye observed that most sick people appeared to have common characteristics, but that the ôsickness syndromeö per se was not being studied (Selye, 1969, pp. 57-58). Selye based his theory on the concept of homeostasis, defined as the bodyÆs ability to maintain stability or constancy within its living organism. Selye (1950) extended the concept of homeostasis to damage resulting from the interaction of a force, or stressor, and the resistance, or adaptation, to that force. Selye (1950) eventually came to consider the possibility that a variety of damaging influences, or stressors, could produce the same reactions, or str
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Some common words found in the essay are:
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Approximate Word count = 2991
Approximate Pages = 12 (250 words per page)

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