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Human Migration to the New World

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It has become commonplace to accept that humans came to the New World from Asia across the Bering Strait. It has also become commonly accepted that the people who crossed this strait were in fact Homo sapiens sapiens (and not some earlier form of the species) and that they did not begin this migration before the terminal Pleistocene era.

These assumptions are based upon a number of aspects of the archaeological and biological record. The lack of human skeletal remains in the New World before the end of the Pleistocene sets the period before which migration seems unlikely to have occurred. The biological connections between the peoples of Asia and the native peoples of the Americas suggest that at one time these groups formed a common and united gene pool. And the fact that dental variation in the Americas is less than that in Asia suggests that the American populations are of relatively recent settlement (Greenberg, Turner, & Zegura, 1986, p. 477).

So far, this presents a fairly simple and fairly straightforward view of this major and significant migration, and one with which most people are fairly familiar. However, these points of evidence also raise interesting questions. The most common picture that the lay person probably has of this migration is an event that occurred with relative speed. In other words, a single (if extended) migration during which a large number of people traveled as a single group over the land bridge to the New World and then settled here, after whi

. . .
is generally recognized that the genealogical û or genetic û relationships among different populations may be established by searching for and isolating the particular characters that document a relationship (Greenberg, Turner, & Zegura, 1986, p. 486). Callegari-Jacques et al. also found that a genetic analysis of Americans from throughout the entire hemisphere demonstrated that the Amerindian genetic pool is too diverse to admit an easy argument that the population was the result of a single migratory event (Callegari-Jacques, 1993, p. 427). This study also found reasons to divide the New World populations into three clearly distinct genetic populations. They further found that these populations are so distinct that they suggest at migratory waves of genetically diverse populations. (Callegari-Jacques, 1993, p. 441). It is not initially clear (without further research) how these findings match with those by Greenberg, Turner and Zegura. While they do in fact support the tripartite division of the native populations of the Americans, their findings of genetic diversity may be so great that they cast some doubt on a single relatively compact and homogeneous Asian source for all New World populations. It should be noted that these f
. . .

Some common words found in the essay are:
Turner Zegura, Research Gruhn, Asian World, Turner ZeguraÆs, Bering Strait, Greenberg Poser, American Pima, World Asian, Human Biology, World Asia, greenberg turner, turner zegura, greenberg turner zegura, zegura 1986, turner zegura 1986, dental evidence, et al, world populations, native peoples, humans world, greenberg turner zeguraÆs, peoples americas, linguistic change, et al 1990, zegura 1986 486,
Approximate Word count = 2971
Approximate Pages = 12 (250 words per page)

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