The Tabulating Machine Company
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The Tabulating Machine Company, International Time Recording Coimpany and the Computing Scale Company of America consolidated in 1911 to form the Computing Tabulating Recording company. Over the next 20 years, the company continued to acquire and merge with other organizations, becoming International Business Machines (IBM) in 1933. IBM continued to grow in the coming decades, maturing into a strong presence in calculating machines, typewriters and similar machinery. However, the advent of the electronic computer and the leadership provided by Thomas Watson moved the company into the realm of the multinational organization. IBM came to epitomize the American-based global organization, employing close to 400,000 workers worldwide at its height in the mid-1980s (Scheier, 1993, p. 1). The company's stock was considered a blue-chip issue, and institutions (pensions funds, for example) held 39 percent of the stock in early 1993 (Vohra, 1993, p. 1210).The 1980s, which began well for the company, brought about a dramatic change in IBM's fortunes. In 1983, the stock sold for a high of 134.25; it reached 175.875 in 1987, then began a gradual decline that has continued into the 1990s. From a high of 100.375 in 1992, the stock is now trading in the high 40s (Vohra, 1993, p. 1210). The company took the unusual step of reducing its dividend by 54 percent in 1993 (Vohra, 1993, p. 1210), and violated an unwritten company policy of no lay-offs, reducing its workforce by 25,000 in la
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easingly difficult to compete.
As newer companies began imitating IBM's computer architecture, and produced similar machines for lower prices, the increased competition cut into IBM's sales. IBM was not used to competing on price alone, and found the challenge to be more than it could sustain. While other companies began selling their microcomputers in retail chains, IBM refrained from selling through other than authorized and established dealers, a move which hurt them in the long run. Consumers soon stopped differentiating between IBM and IBM-compatible microcomputers, and the company was unable to react quickly enough to prevent what may be irreparable harm to its sales. The well known IBM culture had rendered the company unable to effectively compete in the new market.
There are a number of opportunities which IBM can take advantage of, and the company did not remain still during its decline in recent years. The company announced in 192 that it will work with Apple Computer, a primary competitor, to develop new technologies that both companies will use in their current and future products and market to others. A key part of the project is a plan to create a jointly owned company to develop object-oriented software that w
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Approximate Word count = 2584
Approximate Pages = 10 (250 words per page)
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