evidence of Islam as it is configured in a variety of nation-states is that Islamic law itself to some degree follows indigenous national norms. For example, Muslim communities in continental and offshore India appear to have distinctively Indian character to the observance of Islam. Consider Dube's discussion of structures of kinship and social organization, including the extent of social cohesion and integration evident in the culture clash between the modernizing West and Islamic tradition on the islands of Lakshadweep Territory, a self-governing island group in the Indian Ocean. What is important about these islands is that their indigenous culture is based not on sharia but rather on the so-called taravad, the former of which is patriarchal and the latter of which is matrilinear on configuration. Dube acknowledges that patriarchal/patrilinear structures tend to put women at a disadvantage and tend to set up administrative structures to deal with property ownership and marriage and divorce rights and responsibilities. Dube (167ff) attributes the pe
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