equipment firm that has moved slowly to create the cellular communications networks Motorola's system requires. As a result, Motorola [in 1994] has 12,000 customers, compared with more than 400,000 for its Japanese competitor in the same market."
An editorial in the Washington Post summarized the American view that the structure of agreement with the Japanese firm that functioned as Motorola's Japanese partner had the effect of blocking Motorola from effective competition in Japan:
Five years ago [in 1989], during the Bush administration, the United States accused Japan of failing to carry out that pledge. Just before the deadline for sanctions, the Japanese agreed to take specific steps to provide access. Some parts of the market have opened, but the government has shut the American company--Motorola--out of the crucial Tokyo [cellular service] area. That, as the [Clinton] White House now points out, has given Motorola's Japanese competitors a protected market in which to catch up with its technology.
By 1994, during the third presidential administrat
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