strial manufacturing industries and toward information- and service-based industries. In this regard, Espiritu cites ôthe growth of female-intensive industries in the United States, particularly in service, health care, microelectronics, and apparel manufacturingö (63). A forceful index of the American industrial baseÆs increasing reliance on Asian and other immigrant labor can be seen in the Immigration Nurses Act of 1989, which ôoffered permanent residency to foreign nurses who had lived and worked in the United States in the recent pastö (64). Such measures can be seen as nothing less than an acknowledgment of a labor shortage among American-born nur
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