ems will work with standard metal-bond superabrasive wheels, in some cases they are used in conjunction with specially developed electrically-conductive bonds and coatings that enhance the process (Webster 1). These are excellent technologies that bring great advantage with them. ELID, for example, usually employs a cast-iron, fiber-bonded grinding wheel that produces an oxide layer on its surface during the electrochemical reaction between the bond and the fluid when worn diamond grains are shed (Webster 1). ELID can be applied to most modes of precision grinding and enables the use of nano-order diamond grain sizes (Webster 1). Thermally assisted grinding causes thermal softening of ceramic material, which is otherwise brittle, aids chip removal, and lowers grinding forces (Webster 2). ECG was developed as a solution to titanium grinding, which creates problems for conventional manufacturing due to its low thermal conductivity; the low conductivity can produce high thermal tool loads and high reaction affinity with atmospheric oxygen (Webster 2)
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