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Psychological Issues & Disorders

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1. The availability heuristic occurs when people estimate the probability of an outcome based on how easy the outcome is to imagine (Availability, 2006). If the possibility is vividly described and emotionally charged, as it is in this case, it is easy to picture and therefore easy to believe. Framing is a concept used in thinking (Simple, 2006). Evoking a frame reinforces the frame. That is, every time Sally hears about her brother suffering from chronic depression, it reinforces the thought in her mind that this may happen to her too. Frames are realized in the brain by neural circuits, and every time a neural circuit is activated, it is strengthened.

Confirmation bias is a statistical bias describing the tendency to search for evidence that will confirm a preconception of an idea. That is, Sally will always be searching for ways to confirm that she will indeed suffer from a chronic depression the same way her brother does (Confirmation, 2006). Belief perseverance is the perseverance of a belief in oneÆs mind once it has been placed there. We tend to believe things are true when we have been told them by someone we trust, e.g. our parents, friends etc. and this thought persists in our minds even without reinforcement. All these factors may easily lead Sally to conclude that she will definitely be a victim of a severe depressive disorder just like her brother.

2. A behavior therapist would treat GeorgeÆs problem using

behavior therapy techniques (Ellis, 1997).

. . .
sonable this is, they can cure themselves. 3. DavidÆs answer is simplistic and not based on any known facts. Most of the German people had no knowledge of the atrocities which were taking place in the prison camps and elsewhere. They were committed by only a limited number of people, and as Milgram has shown in his experiments, it is very easy to get normal, reasonable people to harm others when they believe they are not going to be held responsible for any harm that comes to the victims (The Milgram, 2006). Milgram conducted experiments in which he had people give word tests to other people, and to give them electric shocks of increasing intensity if they got answers wrong. Unbeknown to the ôteachersö the respondents did not actually receive shocks (they were hidden from view of the teachers), but would scream and yell as if they had. At times, when the shocks got very strong, the teachers would ask if they would be held responsible for any harm that came to the respondents, and the experimenter assured them that they would not, and that he would be responsible, and so they continued giving stronger and stronger shocks (Milgram, 2006. Some of the teachers were uncomfortable with what they were doing, but continued neverth
. . .

Some common words found in the essay are:
, Hasher Zacks, Retrieved Feb, retrieved feb, feb 27 2006, retrieved feb 27, 27 2006, feb 27, Zacks RT, 2006 retrieved feb, Framing Social, 2006 retrieved, References Availability, Experimental Psychology, ellis 1997, obsessive compulsive disorder, compulsive disorder, chronic depression, availability heuristic, nimh 2000, obsessive compulsive, held responsible harm,
Approximate Word count = 1215
Approximate Pages = 5 (250 words per page)

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