ias, which failed to consider multiple causes of bystander effects.
The five-stage intervention model developed by Darley and Latane (1970) was discussed which includes the following: notice something is wrong; define the situation as an emergency; take responsibility for taking action; decide what to do; and act. Again this model presented a limited view of bystander reactions. Considering the example presented, neighbors watched a woman being stabbed for forty-five minutes, which seems enough time for them to notice something was wrong. It seems equally clear that the situation could be defined as an emergency. Thus additional explanations for behaviors are needed.
Limitations of bystander intervention studies were noted. Simulated emergencies were used in most experiments and study find
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