were restricted or non-existent in the early twentieth century in Wales or Glasgow. Women are defined by their roles as wives, mothers, and daughters and are subjected to social norms and expectations created by and perpetuated by men. As Glasser (22) tells us of his parents' immigration to the U.S., "Mother, as was the custom, was left behind while father got his bearings, found work, and-as the saying went-made a place for her and for Lilian, their first child." Perhaps the restrictions on women's roles and opportunities in a patriarchal culture are most vividly expressed by Sage's grandmother. Her grandmother "thought men and women belonged to different races and any getting together was worse than folly. The 'old devil'...had talked her into marriage and the agony of bearing two children...she would quiver with rage when she remembered her fall" (Sage 7). In a sense, Sage (255) will rebel in a different way than her grandmother; she will seek higher education and a career despite having a baby at sixteen and being told by one teacher, "seventeen was the ideal age to have a healthy baby and get on with your life." Through the influence of her caregivers, Sage will go
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