anks in numbers anything like their growing presence would suggest" (Dean, 2006, p. A1).
One of the few places that numbers of women in the sciences and engineering reaches into double-digit percentages is among the top-tier universities. In top-tier institutions, approximately 15 percent of full professors in social, behavioral, and life sciences are women, but Dean (2006) reports that "these are the only fields in science and engineering where the proportion of women reaches into double digits" (p. A1). Despite the fact that approximately half the undergraduate science majors and more than a third of engineering majors in American universities are women, gender bias keeps graduates from advancing to the top of their professions.
Women's performance in the sciences and engineering does not account for their under representation in leadership positions in the sciences and engineering. According to Lederman (2006), a host of cognitive and other studies "have not found any significant biological differences between men and women in performing sciences and mathematics" to account for the lower representation (p. 1). Over the past three decades, women have earned more than 30 percent of do
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