view of what constitutes culture as it impacts upon IJVs and the activities of MNEs will be provided. Next, the influence of such variables as cultural dynamism, complexity, and hostility will be presented. Finally, the effects of environmental determination on both partner selection and IJV performance will be briefly explored.
Social scientists such as Barger (2007, p. 3) defined culture as consisting "in patterned ways of thinking, feeling and reacting, acquired and transmitted mainly by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e., historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values." Geert Hofstede (1991) extends this definition of culture and theorized that culture has several distinct dimensions and that rather than being genetic, it is learned from one's environment. Hofstede distinguishes between "culture one" whi
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