Jewish Scholars in the Media

This project will encompass two studies that will investigate the depiction of Jewish scholars in newspaper articles in the United States and Germany. This paper develops a research protocol for the investigations. The remainder of this introductory section provides material to prepare the reader for the development of the research protocol.

The essence of framing theory is that the way in which information is presented to people influences the opinion formation by people in relation to the issues addressed by the information presented. The framing process may be applied at interpersonal, organizational, and institutional levels. The mass media, as an institution, uses framing in the presentation of information to the public (Scheufele, 1999, p. 105).

The framing of information presentation includes (a) context of the report, (b) relationship to earlier events, (c) ties to other current activities, and (d) presentation structure. The framing process influences the development of opinions on issues by the people receiving those messages and images whether or not such influencing is the objective of the framing process. As all aspects of the presentation of information by mass media organizations are controllable by such organizations, the mass media as an institution is in a strong position from which to influence the development of public opinion (Gandy, Kopp, Hands, Frazer, & Phillips, 1997, p. 16

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piction of Jews An important element in the development of public opinion is the use of propaganda. Although most governments and institutions deny that they engage in the practice, propaganda is a major tool used by governments and institutions (of which the media is one) in efforts to develop public support for a particular perspective on an issue (Finch, 2000, p. 367). Propaganda developed its unsavory reputation in the First World War when, in 1914, the Committee to Investigate Alleged German Outrages (created by the British Parliament and chaired by Lord Bryce, historian and former ambassador to the United States) concluded that tales of German soldiers in Belgium raping nuns, bayoneting babies, cutting off women's breasts, and burning people alive were credible. The media in the United States exploited the story to the point that a fever pitch of public support developed for American participation in the war effort against Germany. American reporters in Belgium reported that the tales were false; however, the American media ignored the filings of their own reporters and continued to press the media case against German atrocities (Buitenhuis, 1987, pp. 101-112). When the stories eventually proved to

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