sted individual racism, illustrated by a small band of white terrorists bombing a church, with institutional racism, illustrated by the practices leading to many black children dying each year because of inadequate food, medical facilities, and shelter (Feagin and Feagin, 1986, 12-13).
Different theorists may use different terminology to refer to this sort of racism. Banton (1992) cites the United Nations for the distinction between racism and racial discrimination:
Racism is presented as historically and geographically specific, and as pathological, whereas discrimination is universal and normal (Banton, 1992, 69)
This distinction is made between the underlying disease, built into institutions, while racial discrimination is the overt manifestation, occurring when someone takes action because of racism. Banton examines the reasons why racism has developed, noting group conflicts, differences of physical appearance, differentiation by language and religion, and the attempt to account for biological differences among human beings. By the end of the nineteenth century, these forces had led to the establishment of a set of racial categories for classifying the population of the world. One of the ways racism has become institutionalized is paradoxically through a shift in thinking away from racial classifications. By the middle of this century, there was a case for discarding zoological classification and nomenclature in order to identify groups by their social and political characteristic, and yet this change contributed to the paradoxical situation whereby, in order to combat racial discrimination, various bodies have been asked to collect statistics using a racial or ethnic classification: "This legitimates and draws attention to such distinctions instead of helping overcome them" (Banton, 1982, 82).
Feagin and Feagin (1986) see racism as existing in a combination of different levels of scale and intent, scale being ...