operations were run by smalltime entrepreneurs. As profits skyrocketed, territorial violence increased, with the result that small operations were strong-armed out of business by large crack organizations: "Organization brought structure--CEOs, lieutenants, distributors, lab operators, runners, enforcers, and street dealers" (U.S. News, 1991, p. 51). Eventually, gangs on both coasts, such as the Los Angeles-based Crips and Bloods, acquired a significant piece of the drug trade. Gangs introduced crack houses and hard-core drug trafficking into communities too weak to resist the subsequent spread of violence and addiction.
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