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Charles II

o become a naval general. During the wars against the Dutch from 1652 to 1654, he defeated their navies in two separate battles, assuring his reputation as an outstanding officer.

Yet Monck's loyalties remained with the crown: "A letter to John Winthrop, Jr., from a 'Capt. Peverel,' dated November 8, 1659, spoke of administrative chaos and hinted that General Monck was at heart a Royalist" (Black 198-199). The suspicions proved true. Monck led the army in dissolving the Parliament in 1660, allowing Charles II to assume the throne and restore the monarchy.

Monck managed the city government of London during the crisis times of the plague of 1665 and the fire of 1666. During the later wars with the Netherlands, Monck again defeated the Dutch in a naval battle in 1666, again exhibiting his prowess in battle.

Charles II granted him a peerage, making him the first Duke of Albemarle, one of a number of public honors given him for his military prowess, diplomatic skills, and governmental counsel. Monck died in 1670.

Both Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson were individuals who sought to expand the freedoms, especially the religious freedoms, offered by the New World. Both tried the patience of the rulers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and both were forced to seek freedom in the colony that would become, through Williams' direct efforts, Rhode Island.

Williams (1603-1683) followed other religious separatists, including John Winthrop, to the New World. He quickly clashed with the restrictive atmosphere of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and with the colonists' practice of seizing the lands of Native Americans.

Biographer Cyclone Covey describes him as "the first person to advocate and bring into actual practice complete freedom of conscience, complete dissociation of church and state, and genuine political democracy - all three together - on either side of the Atlantic" (1). The colony in which he made this possi...

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Charles II. (1969, December 31). In LotsofEssays.com. Retrieved 08:09, March 28, 2024, from https://www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1681263.html