the German volk. For tactical reasons, German policy between 1933 and 1937 was largely confined to economic and psychological harassment and legally sanctioned discrimination and social exclusion which were designed and had the effect of inducing all but about 190,000 of Germany's Jews to emigrate by the end of 1939. This process was accelerated by the pogrom organized by Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels on the night of November 9-10, 1938, Kristallnacht, during which Jewish shops and synagogues were destroyed, many Jews were beaten or harassed, about 100 were killed, 20 to 30 thousand were imprisoned and massive fines were imposed on them (Vital 822). Mass deportations to the East of German Jews followed. Thousands of Jews were killed by Einsatzgruppen, SS Special Action Squads, in Poland in 1939-1940, but many more were herded into Polish ghettos. On July 31, 1941, Hermann Goering instructed Reinhard Heydrich, #2 man in the SS, to "make all necessary preparations . . . for bringing abou
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