theoretical foundation is the Leadership Challenge Model developed using data collected during interviews with 500 middle- and senior level managers identified by their organizations as working at a level indicative of their personal best. The model postulates that there are five leadership practices common to successful leaders. These are:
(1) Challenging the Process - Effective leaders are innovative. They experiment, take risks, and generally bring the new to the status quo; however, they are not reckless or merely leaders giving vent to gambling urges. Rather, they recognize good ideas and support them even if it means challenging the system to see them realized.
(2) Inspiring a Shared Vision - Effective leaders have a vision and then work to realize it by inspiring others to adopt it as their own.
(3) Enabling Others to Act - Effective leaders enlist both the support and assistance of all parties needed to realize their vision. They encourage collaboration and empower others. They have a sense of t
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