s of Justice Powell’s opinion in Bakke is Hopwood v. Texas, where the judiciary argues that “diversity does not provide a compelling interest for race-conscious decisions in student admissions”. The Hopwood decisions spurred many states to ban affirmative action programs or devise admissions criteria based solely on merit. For example, after the decision Texas passed legislation permitting the top 10% of Texas high schools to be admitted to the University of Texas system, California adopted a plan to accept the top
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