d, and social services intervention in the family.
Academic achievement will be defined as the composite per-centile based on the results of national standardized testing. The composite percentile will include achievement in (1) vocab-ulary, (2) reading, (3) language skills, and (4) mathematics.
Racial and ethnic background will be defined according to federal census guidelines. Classifications will include the following: (1) African-Americans, (2) Anglo-Americans (whites exclusive of Hispanics), (3) Asian-Americans (Chinese and Japanese), (4) Hispanic-Americans (persons with Hispanic sur-names and persons otherwise describing themselves as Hispanic, (5) Native Americans (persons of American Indian heritage), (6) Southeast Asian-Americans and Pacific Islander-Americans (Asians other than Chinese and Japanese, and persons with a Pacific Islands heritage), and (7) others (persons not fit
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