ive effects exerted by family dysfunctionality as it relates to the particular issues of independence and conflicts in relationships. It is also noted that different cultures have different family interactions and different notions of what is and what is not acceptable. Counselors need to be aware of cultural differences and take them into account when developing and implementing interventions.
The American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV, 1994) defines substance abuse as the active use and/or dependency on mood-altering substance where substances include: alcohol, sedatives, amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, opiods, caffeine, nicotine, and prescription drugs, as well as legal drugs. Substance abuse is considered an addiction where addictiv
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